The Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization

Jeffrey Hirneisen Period 5 World History A Honors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilization such as their government, religion, and sports. An area of the Aztecs civilization that was very complex and advanced was their government. The Aztec government was similar to a monarchy where an Emperor or King was the primary ruler showing that their government was very advanced as it was similar to a form of government that is still used today (Aztec Empire for Kids: Government and Empire). The empire was made up of city-states known as altepetl with a large city in the center of each one that ruled the area where the majority of Aztec nobles and othe r government leaders lived as city leaders led the empires which is similar to some civilizations that were not as old as the Aztecs, showing agian how advance their government was(Aztec Empire for Kids: Government and Empire). Now each altepetl was ruled by a supreme leader known as a tlatoani, a supreme judge, and administrator which is similar to the United States justice system(Aztec and Maya Laws- politicalShow MoreRelatedIncas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesIncas versus the Aztecs and Mayans The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. 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These different civilizations play a very important role in history today. The Maya empire was highly skilled at building and architecture. They also were the only empire in mesoamerica to develop a complete writing system. The Maya were also highly skilled at agriculture and farming. The Maya were by far the most advanced and smart civilization. The Maya empire was very precise and exact when itRead MoreReligion and Civilization Essay1245 Words   |  5 Pagessince the history of mankind. What is its role in a civilization and the development of civilization? Religion helps establish mankind’s place in the order of the universe. 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The Debate Over Gun Control - 925 Words

Gun Control is a hot debate topic, where people have been divided into two different viewpoints. The majority of states has supported their colleges to carry guns in case of a mass shootout. While the majority of liberal and democratic oppose carrying guns onto school property. Some states such as Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, and Mississippi has already passed the law to allowed students to carry concealed weapons on campuses to protect themselves from unwanted mass shooters. It sounds good when a politician says all college students should carry concealed weapons, but will it have any effect or will it be a big mistake. The majority of people present their arguments that Gun shouldn’t be allowed in Campuses. A campus is a place where students gain knowledge it’s not a battlefield of guns or place where students fear with their classmates. This day s people are being irrational about mass shootouts, media also has a huge responsibility on thi s issue, media has the power to put fears on audience lives. There are many solutions in order to fix this problem. Deploying more security could be a solution, it will also create more jobs. Simply handing guns to teachers and students won’t solve the problem of mass shot outs, not everyone is a hero among college students as well, and there might be some students or faculty member who are same likeminded as shooters. The another solution which could be effective is deploying more police officers ontoShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Gun Control1210 Words   |  5 Pagesnot be involved in gun control. The second amendment to the United state s constitution says A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Is this not enough can the bill of rights say this anymore clear. 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They argueRead MoreThe Debate Over Stricter Gun Control Laws924 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over stricter gun laws has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time now. Individuals who oppose stricter gun control laws argue that the second amendment to the constitution of the United States constitute part of the bill of rights that protect the right of American citizens to bear arms, and any attempt to set up laws for gun control will be a direct violation of this (Hofstadter 10). They argue that the primary purpose of the amendment was to ensure that America n Citizens

Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In the United Kingdom, about one million post-menopausal adult females use oestrogen entirely or in combination with progestogen, as portion of endocrine replacing therapy ( HRT ) , to handle the symptoms of the climacteric ( WHC, 2010 ) . HRT first became available to adult females in the United Kingdom in 1965 ( Patient UK, 2010 ) , and was traditionally prescribed for its ability to cut down vasomotor symptoms, and its preventive effects against the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cardiovascular bosom disease ( WHC, 2010 ) . During 2002 and 2003, two of the biggest epidemiological surveies on HRT, Million Women Study ( an experimental questionnaire ) in the UK and Women ‘s Health Initiative survey ( a clinical randomised test ) in the USA were published. We will write a custom essay sample on Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their consequences presented concerns sing the safety of traditional HRT ; peculiarly in respects to its associated hazards to the cardiovascular system and chest malignant neoplastic disease as a consequence of drawn-out use ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . The complicated image presented of the hazards and benefits of HRT has received a considerable sum of scientific and public attending, fuelling wellness anxiousness amongst medical professionals and HRT users likewise. During the period of 2003 and 2007 the figure of adult females utilizing HRT fell by 66 % ( WHC, 2010 ) . This paper presents a reappraisal of scientific literature on the efficaciousness of HRT in the direction of menopausal symptoms and assesses the proficiency of its non-hormonal options. Why a Menopause? At birth, the human ovary contains 1 to 3 – 106 Graafian follicles, with no new gametes formed after this clip ( Kim et al, 1997 ) . This figure regresses to less than 1 – 104 at the clip of climacteric ( physiology text book ) . Menopause is described as a province of oestrogen lack that is brought approximately by the loss of aboriginal follicles in the ovaries doing a failure in oestrogenic end product ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . Throughout the generative lifetime, ovarian follicles become bit by bit desensitized to gonadtrophin exposure ( physiology text book ) . This leads to the loss of progestin production and a pronounced diminution in endogenous oestrogen degrees ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . Epidemiology Harmonizing to the office of National Statistics 2009 figures, there are about 37.8 million adult females in the UK, of whom 13.6 million are aged 45 or over ( ONS, 2010a ) . Statistics indicates that 52 is the mean age of menopausal onset ( NHS Choices, 2010 ) , and so most of these adult females will be in or shortly come ining the post-menopausal province. The current life-expectancy for a new-born miss is 81.9 old ages ( ONS, 2010b ) . Womans can therefore anticipate to populate a 3rd of their lives in a possible oestrogen deficient province ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Womans are considered to hold reached the climacteric, after a 12 month period of amenorrhoea ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . The concluding menstruations is so retrospectively designated as the clip of climacteric ; the clip predating this is post-maturity ( Greendale and Sowers, 1997 ) . The climacteric is associated with a assortment of physical and psychological symptoms ( Porter et al, 1996 ) , where vasomotor i nstability and urogenital wasting are the most normally documented short-run post-menopausal symptoms. Approximately, 75 % to 80 % of all adult females normally experience their first symptoms of the climacteric during the peri-menopausal period ( Bachmann, 1999 ) ; of whom 45 % of adult females will happen the symptoms straitening ( RCPE, 2003 ) .The climacteric in the long-run increases the hazard for the development of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis ( Iqbal and Zaidi ) ; this is due to the physiological effects caused by the worsening degrees of estrogens in the bosom, liver, encephalon and bone ( Katzenellenbogen, 1996 ) . Vasomotor Symptoms The vasomotor symptoms of the climacteric, ( for illustration hot flowers, dark workout suits, insomnia and palpitations ) ( Howard et al, 1981 ) are the most common ground why menopausal adult females seek medical aid ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Three quarters of peri-menopausal adult females will see hot flowers ( Howard et al, 1981 ) , where symptoms are normally observed within the first twelvemonth after the concluding menstruations ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . Hot flushes characteristically last between 0.5 and 5.0 old ages after natural climacteric ( Bachmann, 1999 ) , but in 25 % to 50 % of instances can last longer than 5 old ages ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The frequence of hot flash happenings and its continuance can change from less than daily to several per hr with continuances between a few seconds to 10 proceedingss long ; nevertheless on mean hot flower episodes lasts for around four proceedingss ( Patient UK, 2010 ) . The etiology behind vasomotor symptoms is ill-defined, b ut it is thought to be due to a combination of hormonal, metabolic, and psychogenetic factors which occur as a consequence of oestrogen backdown ( Bachmann, 1999 ) . In 1986, Sliva et al conducted a survey on rats and established the action of oestrogen in the preoptic country of the hypothalamus, here it was found to modulate the firing rate of thermosensitive nerve cells in response to stimulation. Surveies have shown that oestrogen appears to heighten ?2-adrenergic inhibitory activity ( Bachmann, 1999 ) .Women with hot flowers have higher arteriole sensitiveness to catecholamines ( Bachmann, 1999 ) .The decrease in ?2-adrenergic receptor activity leads to sudden, transient and fickle peripheral vasodilatation in the tegument blood vass, which produces the hot flower ( Bachmann, 1999 ) . Night workout suits ( sleep hyperidrosis ) , is a common job accompaniment with day-time hot flowers ( Porter et al, 1996 ) . Hot flowers and sleep hyperhidrosus can hold a Domino consequence on a patient ‘s overall quality of life ( Bachmann, 1999 ) , as a consequence of weariness, crossness, hapless concentration, and impaired memory ( Porter et al, 1996 ) . Vasomotor Therapy Numerous surveies have documented the effectivity of short-run oestrogen therapy in handling the frequence and badness of hot flowers and dark workout suits caused by climacteric. For illustration, Haas et Al ‘s 2003 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled survey on 18 menopausal adult females reported that there was no immediate decrease in vasomotor symptoms after induction of oestrogen therapy ( Figure 2 ) . At first both placebo and oestradiol reduced the figure of hot flowers by 27 % and 35 % , severally. The initial placebo consequence, nevertheless, was non sustained throughout the survey. In contrast, those patients treated with oestradiol continued to detect a lessening in the figure of hot flowers per hebdomad, until a 74 % maximum decrease was reached after 4 hebdomads of therapy. The frequence of hot flowers fluctuated somewhat at that degree until the terminal 2 hebdomads when the placebo-only period was initiated ( see figure 2 ) . These findings were reite rated in MacLennan at Al ‘s 2004 scientific reappraisal of 24 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled tests, which assessed unwritten HRT therapy. Consequences demonstrated in nine RCTs, showed a average per centum decrease of about 75 % comparative to placebo in hebdomadal hot flower frequence ( p A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) correlating to Hass at al earlier 74 % decrease for hebdomadal hot flower episodes for HRT. In adult females randomised to have placebo intervention, a 57.7 % decrease in hot flush frequence was observed by the terminal of the survey. Eight RCTs, found that symptom badness of those treated with HRT was besides significantly reduced compared to placebo ( P A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) . A direct comparing of the effectivity of combined HRT versus oestrogen merely HRT was attempted but did non make statistical significance ( p value = 0.085 ) . There is a little sum of dependable grounds available to rede the continuance of usage for the intervention of vasomotor symptoms. Clinical Knowledge Summaries ( 2010 ) recommend the prescription of uninterrupted combined unwritten or transdermic HRT, for the direction of hot flowers. Treatment for vasomotor symptoms should be continued for at least one twelvemonth ; otherwise, symptoms may repeat ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . This was observed in Haas et Al survey where, during the 2 hebdomad placebo merely period ; the frequence of hot flowers began to return to baseline degrees in the group having oestradiol ( see figure 1 ) . A progressive backdown from intervention therefore is advisable. This is achieved by bit by bit cut downing uninterrupted combined HRT dosage to the lowest strength of tablets or spots, whereby half a tablet day-to-day or half a spot should be used for a farther 1-2 months ( Rees and Purdie, 2006 ) . Menopausal symptoms normally decide within 2-5 old ages ( RC PE, 2003 ) ; the consequence of uninterrupted combined HRT can be sustained for up to three old ages during disposal where, apart from shed blooding, side-effects are non normally reported ( Maclennan et al, 2004 ; Henriksson et Al, 1996 ) . Current research has confirmed the efficaciousness of oestrogen, combined or entirely, in bettering hot flowers and dark workout suits, as its effects are strong. However, farther research is required to distinguish whether combinations of low dose oestrogen and progestin may accomplish the tantamount consequence of a higher dosage of oestrogen when used entirely. Figure 1: Summarises the entire figure of Hot flowers recorded by patients on transdermic estradiol ( N = 10 ) and placebo ( N = 8, foremost seven hebdomad ; N=7, last five hebdomads ) each hebdomad ( adapted from Haas et Al, 1988 ; Bachmann, 1999 ) Pre-treatment stage: A 4-week pre-treatment period during which capable eligibility of menopausal position was confirmed. Treatment stage: An active 6 hebdomad survey stage, during which the happenings of Hot flowers between 0.05 mg/ dm3 transdermic estradiol was compared against placebo. Estradiol showed to be well more effectual than placebo in cut downing vasomotor flowers during hebdomads 6 to 10. Placebo stage: Two hebdomad period where patients continued to supervise symptoms while single-blindedly utilizing a placebo spot. An addition in vasomotor flushing towards baseline was observed in estradiol-treated patients. Urogenital Atrophy The surcease of the catamenial rhythm, consequences non merely in the conventional hot flowers observed in diagnostic menopausal adult females but besides causes alterations to the functional capacity of the urogenital piece of land ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Urinary incontinency, recurrent lower piece of land infections, vaginal uncomfortableness, dyspareunia, and shed blooding are all symptoms of atrophic vaginitis ( Howard et al, 1981 ; Bachmann and Nevadunsky, 2000 ) . These symptoms occur as a consequence of atrophic alterations caused as a effect of a gradual diminution in go arounding estrogens ( See figure 3a ) . Once degrees fall below the threshold where endometrial proliferation is possible, the vaginal canal begins shortening and there is a loss of rugae in the vaginal wall ( DeMasters J, 2000 ) . The urinary piece of land symptoms observed is a consequence of the urethra and vagina sharing the same embryologic beginning ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Vaginal symptoms, unlike hot flow ers often persist and can worsen with age ( Grady, 2006 ) . In a 2006 survey of the Management of menopausal symptoms, Grady reported up to 30 % prevalence of atrophic vaginitis symptoms amongst adult females during the early postmenopausal period with an in addition to 47 % prevalence during the ulterior postmenopausal period ( Grady, 2006 ) . During the climacteric, the vaginal wall musculuss deteriorate to bring forth a thin, unsmooth, inflamed mucous membrane susceptible both to bacterial infections and petechial hemorrhage caused by mechanical emphasis ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The destructive effects caused by the diminution in oestrogen degrees are most outstanding in the fundal part of the vagina ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Hormonal alterations induced by the climacteric, actuate metabolism in the bacterial vegetation and pH of the vagina ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Before the climacteric the vagina is colonized by lactobacilli which maintain a low vaginal pH, by and large 4.5 or less ( Brizzolara et al, 1999 ) , bring forthing a protective environment aga inst the colonisation of the vagina and urethral tissue by Gram-negative bacteriums ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . After the climacteric lactobilli becomes replaced by faecal-type vegetations which cause postmenopausal adult females to go prone to urinary piece of land infection ( see figure 3b ) . The symptoms of urogenital degeneracy can be categorised into two groups: 1 ) Lower urinary piece of land – for symptoms affecting the urethra and bladder 2 ) Vaginal – for those confined to the vagina and the vulva such as vaginal waterlessness, combustion and itchiness ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The prevalence of urologic symptoms ‘ ( including urgency, frequence, dysuria, and incontinency ) is a job which increases in badness with age ( Grady, 2006 ) ; this nevertheless can be farther insinuated by the wasting of the urethral mucous membrane caused during the menopausal passage ( Molander, 1990 ) . In postmenopausal adult females, the control of urination becomes progressively reliant on the support of the urogential musculuss to urethrovesical junction, due to widening of the urethra ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The decrease in oestrogen degrees consequences in the deficient blood supply to the urogenital tissues and hence impedes full muscular functionality ( Molander, 1990 ) . Poor anatomical support to the urethra consequences in the uneffective control of urination ; which consequences in pelvic laxness and emphasis incontinency ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The diminution in go arounding blood in urogential tissues means there will besides be an damage in the immune system antibod y response to foreign organic structures ( Molander, 1990 ) ; this in add-on to the broadening of the urethra, facilitates the migration of bacteriums into the lower urinary piece of land ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Pre-menopause Figure 3a and 3b: Summaries the alterations in the vaginal and urethra observed as the influence of oestrogen lessenings ( adapted from Samsioe, 2005 ; Brizzolara et Al, 1999 ) Figure 3a: The diminution in serum oestrogen degree causes a lessening in vaginal blood flow and secernments. As a consequence, lactic acid degrees and animal starch content of the vaginal wall decreases, this causes the hyalinisation of collagen and the impairment of elastic tissue. Atrophy of the vaginal tissues nevertheless, does non get down until endogenously produced estrogens have fallen below the threshold required for endometrial proliferative activity. Therefore the clip period between the start of climacteric and the start of wasting opens a curative window. This has allowed the possibility for drugs to be able to aim urogenital wasting without put on the lining endometrial proliferation which can ensue in malignant neoplastic disease, extinguishing the demand for progestin co-medication Figure 3b: The conventional drawings represent the pre and post-menopausal urethral opening and vaginal wall. The pH of vaginal fluid in postmenopausal adult females elevates to between 6 and 7 ; this facilitates the replacing of lactobacillae with gram negative source vegetations associated with urinary piece of land infection. In healthy vaginal epithelial tissue, parabasal cells are rare and normally represent less than 5 % of the epithelial cell population, this per centum increases to around 20 % after the climacteric. Post-maturity Urogential Treatment Surveies have shown that estrogens, administered as systemic ( unwritten or transdermic ) or intravaginal estrogens, are extremely effectual at handling vaginal wasting. It is recommended that estrogens, when prescribed with the purpose of pull offing urogenital symptoms, are given as low-dose readyings to assist understate systemic soaking up ( Grady, 2006 ) : this prevents the additions in oestrogen endogenous degrees that could potentially do estrogenic side effects. When HRT is used at the recommended low-dose and frequence, the add-on of a progestogen for endometrial protection is non necessary ( Figure 3a ) . The physiological alterations that consequences in the decrease of urogenital symptoms observed in oestrogen therapy, suggest that oestrogen lack may lend to this pathogenesis ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The clinical efficaciousness of low-dose HRT readyings have been demonstrated in a figure of clinical tests. Barnabei et Al followed the menopausal symptoms and the effects of oes trogen and progestogen in the postmenopausal adult females, involved in the Women ‘s Health Initiative for a mean of 5.6 old ages. The consequences from the survey showed a 74 % decrease in vaginal wasting in adult females who had received oestrogen plus progestin and 55 % in those who had received placebo entirely. Intravaginal estrogens are besides extremely effectual at handling vaginal wasting ; Suckling et al Cochrane reappraisal found that all intravaginal readyings ( that were administered as picks, diaphragms, intravaginal tablets or the estradiol-releasing vaginal ring ) were every bit effectual and significantly reduced the symptoms of vaginal wasting. It is for this ground and that they by and large have small consequence on the serum oestrogen degrees that intravaginal oestrogens readyings are preferred to systemic oestrogen ( Suckling et al, 2006 ) . Surveies have besides shown that HRT is effectual in forestalling urinary piece of land infections. Cardozo et Al à ¢â‚¬Ëœs 1998 survey found that there was a important decrease in the incidences of urinary piece of land infection in adult females who had been treated with systemic oestrogen than those given placebo. Although several positions have compared many of the interventions for vaginal wasting, the long-run effects of intervention have non yet been expeditiously examined. Recommendations by regulative governments will hence be more accurate if intervention was assessed over a drawn-out period, such as one to five old ages, so that the unwanted responses to intervention can be farther examined. Menopause induced Osteoporosis Osteoporosis, the most damaging side-effect to wellness associated with the climacteric ( Samsioe, 1995 ) , is a skeletal disease characterised by a lessening in bone denseness and mass ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The skeleton comprises compact and trabeculate bone ( Kanis, 1996 ) . In the healthy grownup, bone mass is comparatively changeless, this is despite there being considerable bone turnover, of which about 95 % of this is accounted for by the remodelling of bone ( Kanis, 1996 ) . This procedure is altered after the climacteric, where there is a period of rapid bone loss that lasts between 5 to 10 old ages ( Kanis, 1996 ) . This consequences in a negative remodelling instability ( Kanis, 1996 ) . Bone mass reaches its extremum between the ages 30 and 35, after this extremum, bone mass declines at a rate of 1 % per twelvemonth ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . The rate of diminution can lift up to 6 % at the climacteric and history for a loss of a 3rd of bone mass ( Samsioe, 1995 ) , after the perimenopausal period the one-year rate of bone loss returns to the 1 % ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . There is besides grounds that there is an addition in osteoclastic activity ( Kanis, 1996 ) , where high circulating FSH induces increases osteoclast-mediated bone reabsorption which exceeds the formation of new bone ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Both of these factors in concurrence consequences in the addition bone turnover and porousness that causes the loss of the trabeculate bone model and the cutting of the cerebral mantles ( Kanis, 1996 ; Samsioe, 1995 ) . This pathological procedure finally concludes with the break in the bone micro-architecture, which leads to the brickle castanetss that are more susceptible to break ( Kanis, 1996 ) . Womans have a higher cumulative life-time hazard for enduring from osteoporotic breaks about three times greater than in work forces ( Kanis, 1996 ) ; with 50 % of adult females and 20 % of work forces, over the age of 50, enduring from a break. The three most com mon sites of osteoporotic breaks are the distal radius, the vertebral organic structure and the upper thighbone ( Howard et al, 1981 ; Samsioe, 1995 ) . Hip break is a important cause of mortality and morbidity, where one in four adult females will non last the first twelvemonth following this break ( Samsioe, 1995 ) . Several surveies indicate that early oestrogen therapy intercession can detain or forestall bone loss at the climacteric, nevertheless, grounds back uping the continuation of the good effects after discontinuance remain debatable. A reappraisal by Bagger et Al in 2004, found there was a 4-fold increased hazard of breaks in adult females having placebo than HRT. From this consequence it was concluded that short-run oestrogen replacing therapy initiated in the early postmenopausal phases, can accomplish durable benefits to the skeletal system, in footings of the saving of bone mass and important decreases in the hazard osteoporotic breaks. However another survey by Yates et Al, found grounds that postmenopausal adult females who have discontinued HRT within the past 5 old ages have a hazard for hip break that was similar to adult females who have ne’er used HRT. The latter survey nevertheless has restrictions and is hence non conclusive. Womans who responded to the study tended to be younger and better educated about the importance of good wellness than the non-responders ( WHC, 2010 ) . Furthermore, it must besides be taken into consideration that the hazard of osteoporosis additions with increasing age and weight. HRT as a consequence would hold a greater decrease potency in the incidences of hip break in older adult females than in younger adult females. Therefore future surveies will necessitate to be adjusted to take into history these act uponing factors. The findings from the WHI and MWS The possible relationship between the loss of ovarian map and development of Cardiovascular Disease ( CVD ) has been substantiated by legion case-controlled and laboratory surveies carried out since the 1980s ( Iqbal and Zaidi 2009 ) . These surveies demonstrated the protective effects of estrogens on the cardiovascular system ( Mendelsohn and Karas, 2002 ) ; which encourage the production of lipid profiles that cause vascular distension, prevents coronary artery disease and augmentation of endothelial fix after harm ( Mendelsohn and Karas, 2002 ) . After the oncoming of climacteric, degrees of estrogens begin to equilibrate to that of age-matched work forces ( Iqbal and Zaidi 2009 ) . Up until 2002, HRT was established as the most effectual signifier of intervention when bettering menopausal symptoms. However this was challenged by the publication of the preliminary findings of the WHI and MWS survey, which found the benefits of HRT on CVD to no longer be important when the other po ssible wellness jeopardies were taken into consideration ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . For illustration that the usage of oestrogen, with or without Lipo-Lutin, was found to be associated with an increased hazard for the development of certain signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease ( such as chest, ovarian and uterine malignant neoplastic disease ) ; this hazard was substantiated farther by drawn-out use ( WHI, 2002 ; MWS, 2003 ) . Findingss from the WHI, oestrogen plus progestin, test besides indicated that HRT could increase the hazard of CVD, which can take to shots and venous thromboemoblism ( WHI, 2002 ) . The WHI, oestrogen plus progestin, test published in 2002 monitored and compared the HRT related consequence on CVD and other facets of adult females ‘s wellness to that of placebo, in 16, 608 adult females in the United States aged 50 to 79 from 1993 to 2002. Around 50 % of the take parting adult females were randomised to take combined oestrogen and 50 % to take a placebo. The survey ended three old ages premature after the antecedently specified bound for chest malignant neoplastic disease instances, set by the WHI Data and Safety Monitoring Board was exceeded and overall hazards were considered to outweigh benefits. The preliminary findings showed a decreased in the hazard of osteoporotic breaks and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease ( Nelson et al, 2002 ; WHI, 2002 ) , but besides found a little addition in the incidences of coronary events, shot, chest malignant neoplastic disease and venous thromboembolism ( Nelson et al, 2002 ; WHI, 2002 ) . A subsequent reappraisa l of the findings from the WHI Study in 2004, adjusted for other act uponing factors, found different consequences where the apparent higher hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease appear to be caused by natural factors instead than to HRT ( WHC, 2010 ) . When age was taken into history analysis showed that younger adult females get downing HRT may really be protected in some wellness facets ( WHC, 2010 ) . However those get downing on HRT over 70 did non hold the same benefits and alternatively were vulnerable to certain wellness hazards, nevertheless, this may be due to the associated hazard factors increasing with age. The Million Women Study was conducted from 1996 to 2001, analysed the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease and other adult females wellness issues in one million adult females taking HRT in the UK, and compared findings with that received from a sum of 828,923 adult females who were non-users: All take parting adult females were over 50 old ages old. Findingss published in 2003 found a little addition in the hazard of chest, endometrial and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease when oestrogen-only HRT was used. Combined HRT was found to hold a greater addition in the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease but was able to cut down the hazard of endometrial malignant neoplastic disease, when compared with oestrogen-only HRT. It was besides established that the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is increased the longer HRT is used ; where the extra hazard for chest malignant neoplastic disease declined to that of ne’er users when intervention ended. Restriction of the surveies Women ‘s Health Initiative The WHI survey, merely considered the dosage of 0.625 milligram of conjugated equid estrogens and 2.5 milligram Provera acetate each twenty-four hours ; whilst this dose was appropriate for younger menopausal adult females get downing HRT, it was considered by many experts to transcend the sum required for older adult females ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . The specification for the adult females in the WHI survey differs from adult females in the MWS. Women in the WHI survey tended to be older ( mean age 63.2 ) than the adult females in MWS ( mean age 56 ) ( MWS, 2003 ) . Therefore two-thirds of adult females in WHI were over the age of 60 and hence had a higher absolute hazard of bosom disease, shot and chest malignant neoplastic disease ( all of which increases with age ) . The mean BMI for adult females in the survey is 28.5, therefore a big proportion of adult females in the survey are overweight and were hence predisposed to bosom disease and certain malignant neoplastic diseases. Million Women Study The methodological analysis of MWS has been criticised: Unlike the survey by the WHI, the MWS was non a randomised controlled test. The consequences were based on a self-reporting study where adult females chose whether or non to take HRT. Furthermore the adult females in the MWS were already holding a mammogram so may already hold been at a higher hazard for malignant neoplastic disease e.g. they may hold already suspected a ball. The adult females were followed-up by studies from national malignant neoplastic disease registers, non by subsequent questionnaires, so alternations in HRT usage after initial enrollment were non recorded. Both the surveies analysed the hazard of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease in the long-run surveies and were non meant to turn to the shorter-term usage of HT. Thus, the information from these surveies should be used by adult females sing usage of HT for longer than 3 or 4 old ages. Options to HRT Tibolone is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator ( SERM ) , which possesses oestrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic features ( Nelson, 2008 ) . Tibolone is effectual at handling vasomotor symptoms and bettering sexual operation and may be used as an option to combined HRT in post-menopausal adult females ( Nelson, 2008 ; Roberts, 2007 ) . In adult females under 60, the hazards of taking tibolone are tantamount to that of combined HRT ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) . For adult females over 60, the associated hazards begin to outweigh the benefits, due to the increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease, shot and endometrial malignant neoplastic disease ( NHS Choices, 2009 ) . Morris et Al ( 2006 ) conducted a clinical grounds reappraisal of seven RCTs, on the effects of tibolone on vasomotor and urogential symptoms. One test found that after 16 hebdomads of intervention, tibolone reduced vasomotor symptoms by 39 % compared with placebo ( p = 0.001 ) . However, two RCTs produced questionable consequences in respects to its efficaciousness when compared against traditional combined HRT. One test ( n=437 ) found that combined HRT when compared with tibolone, well reduced the frequence of hot flowers over 48 hebdomads ( p = 0.01 ) . However contradictory findings were found in another test of a smaller population ( n=235 ) , where no important difference in vasomotor symptoms between combined HRT and Tibolone was established at 52 hebdomads. Due to the rawness of findings another larger adjusted RCT should be conducted to clear up the effectivity of tibolone against combined HRT. Three tests were used to measure the efficaciousness of tibolone in the direction of urogenital symptoms. All of which concluded, with the understanding that tibolone significantly improved vaginal waterlessness, sexual desire and copulatory frequence compared to both placebo and combined HRT interventions. There is besides limited grounds to back up the usage of Catapres, Neurontin, paroxetine, Prozac, citalopram, and venlafaxine as effectual interventions hot flowers ( Nelson et al, 2006 ; Anderson and Redman, 2010 ) . The latest analysis of the hazards based on the findings from the MWS and WHI survey, has concluded with the following revised hazard estimations to help health care professionals appraisal of the hazards and benefits associated with HRT for single adult females: Cardiovascular Disease hazard: There is no addition in the hazard for CHD in adult females less than 10 old ages postmenopausal when given combined HRT ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ; Roberts, 2007 ) . Hysterectomised adult females taking oestrogen merely HRT besides showed no increased CHD hazard during the WHI test, alternatively the hazard for both appeared to worsen ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ) . However there us a little addition in hazard for adult females who were more than 10 old ages postmenopausal ( Currie and Guttinger, 2007 ) . The grounds to propose a cardiovascular benefit with oestrogen-only or combined HRT is hence weak ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Stroke hazard WHI found oestrogen-only and combined HRT increase the hazard of shot compared with placebo ( CSM, 200 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Breast Cancer hazard: MWS indicated that a higher hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease is associated with drawn-out usage ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . For oestrogen entirely, the hazard is lower than combined HRT ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Some surveies on the other manus have non shown increased hazard when compared to those who had ne’er antecedently taken HRT ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Endometrial malignant neoplastic disease hazard: There is a little addition in the hazard of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma with oestrogen-only HRT ; due proliferated effects of oestrogen ( Howard et al, 1981 ) . Oestrogen-only HRT is hence merely recommended for usage by adult females with a womb ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . The add-on of a progestin every twenty-four hours significantly reduces the hazard ( CSM, 2004 ; MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) ; due to its endothelial protective belongings. So when used in combination with oestrogen it can cut down the hazard of this malignant neoplastic disease to the baseline ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Ovarian malignant neoplastic disease hazard: Experimental surveies indicate that extended usage of HRT may correlate with a little increased hazard of ovarian malignant neoplastic disease ( CSM, 2004 ) , which returns to baseline a few old ages after halting intervention ( MHRA and CHM, 2007 ) . Decision Despite the legion contraindications for HRT, they are still by and large regarded as the most effectual short-run intervention for patients enduring from menopausal symptoms, and are recognised for their preventive effects in the development of osteoporosis. The benefits nevertheless from long-run use remain debatable ; research suggests that the potency for inauspicious effects happening additions with age and drawn-out use. Clinical reappraisals hence recommend that HRT should be given cyclically ; utilizing the lowest effectual dosage for its indicated symptom for the shortest possible clip. A reappraisal and appraisal of any alteration in the balance of hazards and benefits should be done yearly. Womans with moderate hot flowers, particularly those with contraindications or concerns about HRT may take to seek alternate therapies. Tibolone has proven good in the intervention of menopausal symptoms in younger adult females, although its usage in older adult females remains questio nable due to the increased hazards to wellness. Surveies of climacteric are vast in figure, but deficient in what they discover. Nevertheless, their consequences inform the recommendations of medical professional administrations and influence criterions of pattern. Therefore an improved apprehension of the menopausal passage, its symptoms, and therapies is needed in order to unknot this epidemiological quandary and license a better conformity from patients towards intervention. This can be achieved by the reevaluating the hazards and benefits of HRT in double blinded tests against a placebo or a validated therapy because of the ample placebo consequence observed in randomized controlled tests. How to cite Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Debut Albums and Physical Journey free essay sample

Through facing challenges and hardship, one is able to move forward Journey Is definitely made up from challenges and hardship and through facing those challenges and hardship, one Is able to move forward. There are two type of Journey called physical Journey and Inner Journey. Physical and Inner Journeys can result In people gaining new Insights, understanding themselves and the world around them. This can be seen In Lunges cartoon How to Get There, the book cover the ties that bind and Peter Crooknecks poem Crossing the Red Sea. How to Get There by Lunge Is about a travelers physical Journey to an end even It does not exist. It Includes six frames of cartoon Images In series that Is presented as a metaphor of life. Then, in each images, the caption is added such as Go to the end Gate, Go through the gate.. . Horizon ; the repetition of the word Go is used like an instructions to order the traveler follow it, give him confident and encourage him not to wait to start a journey of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Physical Journey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The gate in the cartoon is also recognized as the symbol of a decision to go to the journey.After going through the gate, it is still not the end; the traveler has to find the answer for the question How to get there. However, there is not somewhere. It is nowhere, anywhere or maybe not exist and the traveler needs to keep on going. And through facing all those challenges, the traveler learns that the world around him is big and he is small but he would become bigger and stronger after passing challenges. Another text that relates to the idea of journey is the book cover the ties that bind. The ties that bind is a book bout six unknown Australian share their Journey as they return to their homeland to find their family and culture. It has been presented in the book cover by using some language techniques. First of all, the title the ties that bind six Journeys of a lifetime is written in lower case letters to create informal tone and brings the readers closer to the book. Also appearance of the picture on the book cover brings the ease of imagination about the content of the book.The series of six real pictures allow the characters share their unexpected Joys and heartbreakingly poignant moments as family meets family for the first time. In the addition, the photos and the stamps In the background convey the evidences of their memorable Journeys back to the places where they belong In the world. Finally, the poem Crossing the Red Sea describes the migrant experience while they were on the ship leaving their homeland to Australia. The migrant experiences hardship on the boat Is seen In the structure and language techniques. The structure has 5 parts to reflect 5 different days of the speakers journey.Then, metaphor is involved to bring out the feelings of the migrant. For instant, Themselves a landscape is a metaphor that shows the heat, the poverty and the cloys packed bodies on the ship. Another metaphor is Voices left their caves conveys their place, which shows the horrible conditions experienced by the migrants on this journey. Not only the metaphor is used, the speaker also uses personifications of highlighting the central idea, the sea, such as the kindness of the sea. And (And the seas breath. .. . The wall of sadness was never disclosed but the sea helps the migrants to share it.Moreover, the sea is the symbolism of the start of new life and carried the migrants to a new land. Through those techniques above, it creates a visual image of a physical Journey with the miserables and difficulties of the migrants. In the conclusion, these texts have raised a very important step in Journey: whenever you face with challenge and hardship, you can move forward. By showing the different types of Journey, physical and inner, the main character in any situation at a strange country or trying to go back home) seem to accept the hardship or challenge in order to moving forward.

Nature of the sales environment. Essay Example

Nature of the sales environment. Paper For example, a swimmer has to do practice regularly for hours in order to keep them fit for competitions. Even though the swimmer has succeeded in number of competition he has to work out regularly, everyday in order to defend his position at the highest level. During his training swimmer should focus on the mistakes which had made in the past competitions, also should train and prepare himself in such a way that shouldnt repeat the same mistakes in future. There is an analogy between the competitive sports and salesmanship. As like in sports salesperson has to master the art of selling he products of the enterprise to the customers. The sales person himself should learn the fundamentals of selling and master them in order to get best results. The nature of sales personality depends on certain extent on heredity and environment. An intelligent salesman would combine the study and actual practice of the fundamentals by analysis. (Management-hub, 201 2) Many studies have been conducted on understanding the customer and uncovering why some sales seem so easy and others seem almost impossible, even when the salesperson is using the same technique. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of the sales environment. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of the sales environment. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of the sales environment. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In fact, he correct environment for customers to purchase and have business dealings with companies is a science. There are many rules and verifiable factors that can either increase or decrease the likelihood of making a sale. To understand the findings of these studies, everyone need to examine the common points listed below. (Sale Creators, 2007) 1. Leave the customer in their comfort zone. 2. Let the customer see you want to help and serve. 3. Do not feel hurried or pressured. 4. Do not hurry or pressure your customer. 5. Have effective human relations communications skills. . Have the sales environment maintained, clean and uncluttered. To increase a buyers receptiveness, a business has to take the findings of the points above and replace or correct any area that might be a concern for their customer. Every customer has anxieties when they meet a new person for the first time, or when they are in a new environment like a shop or store. This anxiety comes from the always present unknowns with a new encounter. A lot Of people have similar thought of or expressed these statements at one time in their lives. This is what defines their comfort zones. When comfort ones are challenged to expand humans often fight the process. Many times nobody do not want to change from what is comfortable. The removal of any of these buying anxieties creates a more positive sales environment. (Sale Creators, 2007) Pete Keno says: that generally in the business, it is necessary to find efficient methods of changing the sales environment. This might be necessary while the company evaluates it profitability during a sales year and finds they have experienced a loss. Transforming the sales environment will be no easy job for a company, however management can achieve this through utilizing the eve major factors of sales success. It is essential that every sales staff, including the managers, are trained in 5 features of sales strategies; defining the sales campaign, sales motivation, sales presentation, sales methodologies, and sales leadership skills. These five vital elements of sales techniques will arm your company with a successful sales team, the backbone of a companys overall profitability and long-term viability. Sales Success, 201 2) The first sale success will need in changing the sales environment is defining the sales operation. This begins with knowing targets Of client including demographic factors like age, educational background, earnings level, geographic location, and ethnicity. By knowing whom to go after with a product or service, available efficiently develop the companys sales presentation. A sales team needs the proper amoun t of time to prepare an effective sales technique when making the presentation. This consists of correct training in the next part of the five armor elements of sales success, sales methodologies. Provide the workers proper training including online programs and in-house training so people would be ready to stay updated tit modern sales presentation trends. Giving the sales team the required training would assist to stay motivated to do the best possible job in their sales efforts for any company. When the success of the company relies upon changing the sales environment, equip your sales team with the very best tools offered by training them sales techniques. Sales Success, 201 2) As was discussed, role of selling plays an important thing for any business, but for example, international selling for economic survival of every country, because it permits to have the balance between their export earnings and import expenditure also known as the balance of payments. (Jobber and Lancaster, 1997) Economy Watch news wrote out: that the UK is the 7th leading importer a nd the 1 lath leading exporter in the world. Accordingly, the UK holds a massive trade deficit with the rest of the world, second only to the US. In 201 0, UK imports were worth US 546. 5 billion dollar with exports valued at only LOSSES. 6 billion dollar. Despite recent attempts by the government to reduce the trade deficit, the latest data from Auks Office of National Statistics points to an ever-widening trade gap. Since the beginning of 2011 , Auks monthly trade deficit has hit record levels of more than E billion per month. The monthly deficit in the Suffer 2011 is also exceeding the previous record level of E. 5 billion per month reached in 2007. The increase in Auks budget deficit has also affected Auks trade deficit. Therefore, the Auks austerity plan to cut down public spending is necessary in order to reduce the trade deficit as well. So here is seen how necessarily international sales for UK in a whole. (Economy Watch, 201 2) Importing is when an individual or cuisines brings goods or services into the UK from another country. Careful consideration as to the practicalities needs to be given if intend to imports goods; this may include how to get the goods into the country, as well as the legal requirements. Under UK law, a number of legal responsibilities are imposed on a company, if wish to import goods in the ASK. One of the first and probably most important duties being that will have to check if the Department for Business, Innovation Skills (IBIS) requires business to have a license. (Inbreed, 2012) By the way selling overseas is different compared to he domestic market, it however, provides individual firms with a number of benefits. As access to international markets becomes easier and more companies enter those markets, the competition between companies becomes harder, no matter which industry they Operate in. Donaldson (2006) notes that even if the company does not do business abroad it is more likely to face competition from foreign firms in their home market, therefore by deciding to sell abroad it becomes more competitive and less vulnerable to economic crises. Other benefits are the opportunity for companies to achieve cost savings through increased economies of scale, as well as greater sales and faster growth due to demand in other markets which in turn can compensate the loss in the domestic market. All these is now possible due to technology which allows firms to control and coordinate operations globally because through the invention of internet and telecommunication the interaction with external customers and suppliers became much quicker and easier. Another important factor is Language because the first challenge when dealing with international markets is to overcome the language barrier. It is especially crucial in direct selling. Good knowledge of the another language will make sales easier and can make a dramatic difference because the salesperson has greater access to a local society and no interpreter is required. Companies usually translating theirs product advertising in local language, for example, umbra the ILK sports manufacturer had to withdraw a whole range of trainers called Gallon, after a number of complains from individuals and other organizations regarding its name. This is because Gallon was the name of the gas used to murder millions of Jews in concentration camps. This problem exists in any foreign company not only for UK firms; Chevrolet Nova also suffered poor sales in Latin America because No VA in Spanish translated as does not go . Honda introduced their new car Fiat into Nordic countries in 2001. Fifthly had taken the time to undertake some cross cultural marketing research they may have discovered that fit was an old word used in vulgar language in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish. In the end they renamed it Honda Jazz. The Swedish furniture giant KEA somehow agreed upon the name fretful for one of its new desks. All these examples show that the companies were not fully aware of the translation and meaning of their brand names implied in the native languages of the markets they were dealing with, which proves and study of the language would have saved them a lot of money. Quintessential, 2010) This proves that differences in culture creates some ethical dilemmas or misbehaver and in order to overcome potential pitfalls the companies should refer to the help of specialists such as a cross cultural consultant, who would examine words, images, pictures, and colors to ensure that they fit well with the targeted market. Also companies must do cross cultural training to equip their r epresentatives with the knowledge of two or three cultures that are likely to be at the table during a negotiation, as well as pay more attention to marketing and advertising requirements in overseas markets. Quintessential, 201 0) Also possible to add that, any material intended for import is sourced consistently with the legal and ethical review requirements in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. When an individual, establishment or organization imports material for research, it is good practice for approval to be obtained room a research ethics authority or the local equivalent in the source country beforehand. Many countries have research ethics arrangements which operate to agreed standards. The ethical review in the source country may, in some cases, be considered to provide suitable assurances for the importing of material into SKI market. Human Tissue Authority, 2012) For example, tobacco manufactures use different pricing depending on the country they import to, in the UK cigarettes are more expensive than in Russia or some European countries, because of the high import tariffs and taxes imposed by he UK government. Political factors can also affect methods of selling that companies choose to distribute their products, Poppy Corporation that used direct selling techniques failed to enter Japan market because this form of selling is considered by the government as a base for criminal activity. In order to comply with Japans regulations Poppy should have changed its business plan to selling its products in retail stores. (Inbreed, 2012) Other difficult area of management is Sales forecasting. Most managers believe they are good at forecasting. However, forecasts made usually turn UT to be wrong. Marketers argue about whether sales forecasting is a science or an art. The short answer is that it is a bit of both. Businesses are forced to look well ahead in order to plan their investments, launch new products, decide when to close or withdraw products and so on. The sales forecasting process is a critical one for most businesses. Key decisions that are derived from a sales forecast include: Employment levels required Promotional mix Investment in production capacity For example, accurately forecasting sales and building a sales plan can help o manage production, staff and financing needs more effectively and possibly avoid unforeseen cash flow problems. While its always wise to expect the unexpected, a well-constructed sales plan, combined with accurate sales forecasting, can allow to spend more time developing business rather than responding to day-to-day developments in sales and marketing. (Tutor to you, 201 2) In conclusion, it is definitely possible to state: that on nature of selling in general affects a lot of important aspects, because with the development of the UK and global market individual companies have been effected in different ways. To avoid any negative impacts, companies should include and underline all arguments which was stated above. The main responsibility of the Sales managers is to meet and interact with a variety of customers including their own employees so as to understand the real needs of customers and devise qualitative and effective plans to meet the requirements of the customers. Some companies were waited success, they discovered new opportunities for expansion and growth, while others faced fierce competition and struggled to overcome the external pressure caused y cultural, ethical, economic, legal and political and other differences.

Free Essays on E Commerce

E-Commerce Business Models & The Ever Changing Environment Unbelievably, the E-Commerce Business models are probably the most discussed and least understood aspect of the Internet. In the simplest form, a business model is the method of doing business by which a company can sustain itself while generating positive revenue. Internet will give rise to new kinds of business models. The Internet business models continue to evolve on a daily basis. The models could be implemented in a variety of ways. Furthermore, a company may combine several different models as part of its overall Internet business strategy. For example, it is not uncommon for businesses to blend customer service with a marketing model. Business models have taken on greater importance recently as a form of intellectual property that can be protected with a patent. Indeed, business models have fallen increasingly within the realm of patent law. A number of business method patents relevant to e-commerce have been granted. But some of the more noteworthy patents may be challenged in the courts. Some questions that arise are as follows: Which models will prove most effective for which kinds of businesses? How can each be pursued most effectively? What combinations of the pure models tend to be particularly effective and which tend to be in conflict? It is understood that each of the business models should be applied to a Web site under centralized management. Here are some important example of E-commerce business models: Â · STOREFRONT MODEL: An organization offers products or services for sale. Many Web sites of this sort also have Customer Service Model features, and if not then probably they should have. One legal issue that might arise from this model is misrepresentation of the customer service model. Â · MALL MODEL: Someone who offers products or services to consumers from a collection of distinct businesses that retain their individual identities and pay for in... Free Essays on E Commerce Free Essays on E Commerce E-Commerce Business Models & The Ever Changing Environment Unbelievably, the E-Commerce Business models are probably the most discussed and least understood aspect of the Internet. In the simplest form, a business model is the method of doing business by which a company can sustain itself while generating positive revenue. Internet will give rise to new kinds of business models. The Internet business models continue to evolve on a daily basis. The models could be implemented in a variety of ways. Furthermore, a company may combine several different models as part of its overall Internet business strategy. For example, it is not uncommon for businesses to blend customer service with a marketing model. Business models have taken on greater importance recently as a form of intellectual property that can be protected with a patent. Indeed, business models have fallen increasingly within the realm of patent law. A number of business method patents relevant to e-commerce have been granted. But some of the more noteworthy patents may be challenged in the courts. Some questions that arise are as follows: Which models will prove most effective for which kinds of businesses? How can each be pursued most effectively? What combinations of the pure models tend to be particularly effective and which tend to be in conflict? It is understood that each of the business models should be applied to a Web site under centralized management. Here are some important example of E-commerce business models: Â · STOREFRONT MODEL: An organization offers products or services for sale. Many Web sites of this sort also have Customer Service Model features, and if not then probably they should have. One legal issue that might arise from this model is misrepresentation of the customer service model. Â · MALL MODEL: Someone who offers products or services to consumers from a collection of distinct businesses that retain their individual identities and pay for in...

The United States and the War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The United States and the War of 1812 - Essay Example Both houses approved the message and they signed an accord, which supported war against Britain on 18 June (Turner, 11). How the United States became involved in the War of 1812 Americans constantly call the War of 1812 as the second American War of Independence. The major reasons that prompted the United States to declare war against the British was their constant abuse of America’s sovereignty. Particularly, the British interfered with the affairs of North America. This intrusion of Great Britain in North America angered the United States (Martin, 2). In various occasions, the Royal Navy prevented neutral ships from getting inside the ports controlled by Napoleon. It emerged that most of these neutral ships that the British stopped came from the United States. Eventually, most Americans felt that the British were restricting their important trade (Turner, 22). Americans also felt that this restriction of trade by the British occurred in a way that Britain did not consider Am erica as a sovereign nation. The British continued their intrusion as if America did not exist. In addition, the British acted in a way to suggest that America was only a young and minor nation which did not require respect and which could not pose any threat (Healey, 3). The British also angered the Americans due to the habit of the Royal Navy stopping neutral ships from America in search of contraband and deserters who had fled from the cruel and brutal life on British warships (21). In some occasions, the British captains acted impulsively and even lured men who were native-born Americans into service on British warships. These actions by the British continually angered the Americans who felt that the British were interfering with their important affairs (Turner, 22). Even though America attempted to reverse these situations through diplomatic complains, the British continued with these operations. In another attempt to stop these harassments, America summoned a invalidate trade restriction intended to punish the British, but it made many American merchants insolvent. It seemed to America that the British were too anxious to fight Napoleon that they did not consider the peril of United States. In addition, the British did not care of what the Americans can do since they considered it as a young nation without ample military and economic foundation (Healey, 5). Thomas Jefferson, the American president was responsible for defending the nations honor. Since Jefferson was an educated person, he closed up the American waters from supplying water to the British warships, facilitated the release of three seamen and ordered the British to end their harassment actions towards America. Even though the British compensated the Americans for their actions, impressments still went on unabated (Hickman, 1). There was still another grievance that lay at the heart of American hostility toward Great Britain and which prompted America to join the war. During that time, Americ a was expanding its boundaries as it was outgrowing its coastal boundaries westward (1). Britain also realized the potential of this huge and already managed a vast amount of the land in its Canadian provinces. Instead of leaving things the way they were, the British supported the American Indians to struggle and fight against American settlers who were migrating westward from the original United States (Healey, 2). Most Americans in the west assumed that the

Religion in culture and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Religion in culture and society - Essay Example f religious and cultural diversity intolerance has been fading over time, with the increase in the prevalence of both cultural relativism and globalization. Globalization can be simply termed as the process by which people from different cultures are connected and made to interact with each other. On the other hand, cultural relativism is the thought that all cultures are acceptable, despite the differences in their basic principles. Thus, the fact that anthropological analysis has discovered a transformation in religious and cultural tolerance overtime may be attributed to different factors globally. For example there is tolerance of both the Christian and Islamic religions in the American society. Nevertheless, one of the major areas of anthropological interest would remain to unearth the factors that have contributed to human cultural and religious transformation, leading to the acceptance of religious and cultural diversity over time. Thus, the major question becomes; how have gl obalization and cultural relativism impacted on religion in the American society? According to Dr. Xia Guang (Guang, 2007), the world has become a global village. However, rather than being culturally homogeneous, it has remained a field of diverse cultures. Thus, how different cultures interact with one another determines their survival and reinvention. There are various factors accounting for survival and dominance of certain cultures and religions over others. The first and most important factor is civilization and the influence of the Western culture. Most of the cultures of the developing nations have been greatly influenced by the Western culture which is considered to be more superior to the other cultures. This has led to the erosion of most of the cultures of the developing nations. These nations have adopted the so-called superior cultures of the West. The coming of modernity and civilization has contributed negatively to the demise of the traditional cultural values and

How Social Media affects the way we live Assignment

How Social Media affects the way we live - Assignment Example Rhetoric is the way in which we use languages and images to persuade. The media through several endeavors asks the people in many ways to buy something, influence in their own way through several product differentiating strategies and mould the consumers behaviors. Rhetorical analysis of the social media helps the user of the social media to become perfectly informed. At the same time evaluation of the ethical messages can be analyzed in order to test the effect on the common public and the way they affect the society (Bolin Carroll, 2010, p.46). Social media and its features The social media in the present world can be thought to be of a group of online media with the array of primal activities including participation, openness, conversation, and community (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Participation: The social media social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Openness: The nature of social media basically serves as an open plat form where the feedback and the participation are widely invited. It also helps in the encouragement in the voting, comments and the sharing of information. The barriers of access to the contents present in the social media platform are minimal (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Conversation: The traditional media is basically concerned with the broadcasting methodology which ensures the content transmission or distribution. But the social media acts as a two-way conversation (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Community: The social media allows the communities to form quickly and communicate effectively where exchange of information along with the sharing of common interests among the people in topics like photography, any political issues, or it may be any TV shows (Mayfield, 2008, p.5). Connectedness: One of the fundamental agendas of the social media is the emphasis on the connectedness among the people. They try to maintain this connectedness among the public by connecting to the different websites and pertaining links between various people and valuable resources of the society (Mayfield, 2008, p.6). Current forms of the social media There are some well known widely prevalent forms of social media. They are mainly social networking, blogs, wikis, online encyclopedia, podcasts, Forums, content communities, and micro blogging. The social networking allows people to build personal web pages and subsequently maintain connection and sharing content and communication among the people. Some of the popular social networking sites are Face book, My Space, Twitter. The blogs are usually online journals where any news is almost posted at the first instance. The Wikis are those websites which acts as a communal document or database which permits the people to add the contents or edit the information on them. A widely known wikis is the Wikipedia4 which is an online encyclopedia consisting of over 2 million English language articles. The podcasts are audio and video files which can be access ed by people through subscription mechanisms. A widely existing podcast is the Apple iTunes. This creates an indigenous platform for the fusion of several cultures of the globe. The

Alien (1979) and Prometheus (2012) Comparison

Alien (1979) and Prometheus (2012) Comparison Introduction In this essay I will compare the visual effects of two movies an older movie and It ´s prequel. As a fan of sci-fi movies, for this writing I decided to compare Alien (1979) and its prequel Prometheus (2012). The Prometheus movie was nominated for an Academy award for visual effects in 2013 whereas Alien won an Academy award for visual effects in 1980. Many scenes in this first movie were so good that they had appeared in Prometheus too. Even the trailer consists of the same scenes. Moreover the plot of the both movies in general is about crew on a space towing vessel. They end up on a distant moon then the crew realize that they are not alone on the spaceship when an alien stowaway is on the board. 1. Alien 1979 Director: Ridley Scott Visual effects supervisor: Brian Johnson What worked best on visual effects for this movie are mostly modellers and prop makers. Models of the ship were very detailed and huge, for example the largest one Nostromo was 17 feet long. The team couldn ´t use the cutting edge technology of motion control to capture the seventeen-foot model of Nostromo   because the budget did not allow the time for shooting stop-motion. This led the special effects team to develop a camera that moved slowly on a drive mechanism. Furthermore, shots of Nostromos were mostly close ups. Interior sets of a spaceship were all connected and real so actors felt like they are in a real place. For the xenomorph they created a suit and found a slander tall man who wore it. He had to attend thaichi lessons because of the moves. The head of the xenomorph had mechanical parts and was made out of car parts, silicone and jelly for spit. The designer of the xenomorph and its previous stages ( facehugger and   chestburster ) and ship was H. R. Giger. There are only a few shots of the alien in the movie because Ridley wanted to create fear in a viewer, many times using dark places so viewer would not know where the alien is and what to expect. These are the most famous scenes: chestbuster scene A chest which was fake was used for John Hurts character Kane for the scene. It appeared as if Hurts neck was connected to the fake chest when He was underneath the table. The director tried to make the scene very much authentic and one of the steps was to use real organs which were bought from a butcher shop and were stuffed in the fake chest cavity. Another idea was to use hoses to help pump and spray the blood as the creature would explode from the chest. The actors were not told about all the actions that would take place and they definitely did not expect to be sprayed with blood as the alien creature arose. facehugger scene The Facehugger as seen in the opened egg are bits of cow innards and probably other animals. The tail of the Facehugger is an intestine and a blast of air is being pumped through it. The Facehugger dissection scene involved raw oysters in a plastic mold of the creature. Revelation of Ash scene In the scene where Ash is revealed to be a robot and has his head knocked off,   they   created a puppet of the Ashs torso and upper body which was operated from underneath by a small puppeteer.   The following scene of the surviving crew interacting with Ashs remains used both his actor, kneeling under the table with his head coming up through a hole cut in its top, and an animatronic head, made using a face cast of   Ash ´s actor. Unfortunately, the whipped latex made the head shrank as it was drying and therefore, the final item bore little resemblance to the real Holm. Ash ´s inner workings and fluids were made of   milk, caviar, pasta and glass marbles. Personally I didnt notice that the fake head is smaller than the actor ´s and I think that this shot was made really realistic. 2. Prometheus 2012 Director: Ridley Scott Visual effects supervisor: Richard Stammers Ridley created many elements and shots similar to ones in the Alien movie such as space suits, similar ship design, kept the original look of alien ship, the space jockey, similar interior of the ship, basic elements like hypersleep chamber, medical scanner, strong female leading role, breakfast scene, in alien the on-board ship computer is called mother and in promeheus they call it maam. There is also a humanoid robot on the board. Environment A lot of the final environment work is a combination of real photography and 3d set extensions. Real aerial plates are pictures of Iceland and Wadi Rum. Ridley wanted the amazing landscape feel believable. They analyzed the area using Google Maps and DEM satellite maps which give displacements, they put that into Maya and combined all that information and built up a rough 20 mile landscape. The pinnacles on the ground were taken from real rock in Iceland. They scanned and textured the shot and from that created CG variations. They used a program to randomly scatter them across the landscape based on manually painted intensity maps.   NASA helped with recreation of the environment by providing photos of ice being expulsed into the atmosphere of Saturns moon Enceladus and information about the potential look of different exo-planets. For the sandstorm in the movie they used Flowline to simulate natural looking pluming dust, then their own volumetric tool for visualizing and Renderman rendering.   In comparison in the original Alien the ship was covered in darkness and a storm with zero visibility. The set was created from motorcycle parts and matte paintings. Pretty much all of the sets in Prometheus were built practically and also modelled in 3D. And that includes the weird caverns and chambers on the moon, as well as the interiors of the ship Prometheus. Concept artists firstly built up sets in 3D so they would know right off the bat that it was achievable. Surgery scene I think this scene is somehow an recreation of the chestbuster scene from Alien but this time it is even more disturbing than the one from alien because Dr. Shaw finds out that she is infected and pregnant and has no choice but to perform a C-section on herself using the MedPod. The Med Pod was built and function in real life to make this scene looks realistic. Actress was filming this scene for 4 days then creature was added in post-production. They had to cover her belly with tracking markers as they had to matchmove as closely as possible to make the effect work in physical space. Conclusion In general, I really like both movies the making of them but also the plot. I highly appreciate that Ridley Scott in Prometheus stuck with creating real scene sets and did not just leave everything on post-production. The real sets added the feeling of realism into the movie also the fact that they cooperated with NASA in the effort of creating realistic environment.   Regarding to the Alien movie I really like the ideas that they came up with such as   camera on mechanism to create slow motion footage, using of real animal viscera to make creatures look real and disgusting and I highly admire the work of one of my favourite artist   H. R. Giger   in creating designs for the movie. I think I would be able to achieve some shots in the Alien but also in the Prometheus. In the Alien movie there are many shots in which mechanical parts had to be   included for instance   like in chestbuster   scene they had to create a pump for exploding of the chest so these kind of shots would be hard for me to achieve if I had to create them using the same technique but I would be able to create a model of the Nostromo and also the facehugger model .   Prometheus also used real size models but there was also SGI included. In order to SGI I think I would be able to create an eviroment like 3D set extensions ( create ground extension and 3d pinnacles and texture them). After all I think that both of these movies are made   really good, they have the same scary, mysterious feeling , the same visual look and   creative ideas were included not to mention the amazing plot. Bibliography Seymour, M. (2012). Prometheus: rebuilding hallowed vfx space. [online] fxguide. Available at: https://www.fxguide.com/featured/prometheus-rebuilding-hallowed-vfx-space/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Anders, C. (2012). Cite a Website Cite This For Me. [online] Io9.gizmodo.com. Available at: http://io9.gizmodo.com/5917639/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-design-of-prometheus [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Watkins, A. (2014). Behind-the-Scenes: Making of the Chestburster scene from Alien. [online] Cinemablography. Available at: http://www.cinemablography.org/blog/behind-the-scenes-making-of-the-chestburster-scene-from-alien [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017].   Ash. [online] avp.wikia. Available at: http://avp.wikia.com/wiki/Ash [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017]. Jacob, J. (2016). The Making of Alien Documentary. [image] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaHjNWzn73k [Accessed 8 Jan. 2017].

Motiff of King Lear :: English Literature Essays

Motiff of King Lear One of the primary themes portrayed in "King Lear" is the harsh effects of betrayal by one's loved ones. Incorporated in this message is the fact that such betrayal can be avoided with sound judgment and temper, and with patience in all decisions. Shakespeare uses the motif of madness to aid in this message. Anger and insanity are coupled to illustrate the theme, and they both cloud the judgment of characters in various ways. A contrast between actual insanity and fabricated madness aids in the depiction of the main theme as well. King Lear's temper and madness in the form of anger are shown in Act I, when he is quick to banish Cordelia, under the false impression that she does not love him. Kent tries to warn him, and says "When Lear is mad, ... When majesty stoops to folly," implying that Lear's rage has blinded him from making the correct decision. Lear's anger is heightened when Goneril insults him and he decides to leave her castle. His anger consumes him until he is forced to scream to the skies, "O Let me not be mad... Keep me in temper." In Act II, after he is betrayed by Regan as well, he says to his servant, "O Fool, I shall go mad." He is saying that he is so overcome by pain that he will go mad, not knowing that, ironically, his anger will later transform into true insanity. Edgar offers a different pathway for the madness motif to unfold. In Act II, after fleeing Gloucester's castle, he decides to disguise himself as a beggar with no clothes and "lunatic bans." He pretends to be mad for the majority of the story and in another ironic twist, it is this so-called madman that actually brings many truths to light. Lear's madness begins to unfold in Act III. Kent notes in the shelter, that "his wits begin to unsettle." Scene IV is a blatant display of madness by Lear and the acting Edgar, who converse with each other in incoherent outbursts. Lear becomes more and more unstable as he uses two stools as models of his daughters and places them on trial for the crimes they have committed against him. In Act IV, Edgar is reunited with Gloucester, who thinks he is a madman. Edgar actually saves his father's life in this act, still pretending to be mad the entire time.

Latino/Chicano/Hispanic Education Essay

In my research I discovered an abundant amount of information on educating Chicano’s or Latino’s in the United States, particulary California being that an extremely high population concentrations are in California. In this paper I will list some of the most important cultural diversity facts I’ve found regarding educational barriers, communication behaviors, cultural differences, teaching implications, learning styles and tools and insights. First, what is Chicano or Chicana? A Chicano or Chicana is a term used to indicate an identity held by some persons of Mexican descent living in the United States. Often times, it refers to a first or second generation Mexican American living in an urban, Mexican American immigrant community, where there exists the strong ethnic consciousness of being â€Å"Mexican American†. It is considered a term of ethnic pride, though not all Mexican Americans proud of their heritage necessarily consider themselves Chicano. A woman of this category is usually named by the feminine form Chicana, and, following the usual conventions for Spanish words, the masculine plural form Chicanos is used for groups that include both genders. Much attention has been directed to the Chicano or Latino youth in schools today. When looking at a chart provided by the 2000 census (Table 2. 1). It is obvious why Chicano or Latino have been recognized as a major player in schools, workforce and communities. Table 2. 1 Top Ten Countries of Birth and Ancestral Backgrounds of California Youth, Ages 13 to 24, 2000 Country of Birth Number Ancestry Number Foreign-Born U. S. -Born 1. Mexico 783,124 1. Mexican 1,228,338 2. Philippines 76,753 2. African American 310,810 3. El Salvador 59,612 3. German 279,195 4. Vietnam 58,701 4. Irish 210,186 5. Guatemala 42,795 5. English 178,050 6. Korea 28,228 6. Italian 161,383 7. Taiwan 25,859 7. American 158,956. 8. India 23,576 8. Filipino 107,742 9. Thailand 22,822 9. White 94,380 10. China 22,337 10. Chinese 82,943 SOURCE: Authors’ calculations from the 2000 Census. EDUCATIONAL BARRIERS AND TEACHING IMPLICATIONS I feel that educational barriers and teaching implications go hand in hand. I feel this is true since an educational barrier is a direct implication to teaching. Nearly half of all Californians today are first-generation or second-generation immigrants. As that share of the California population continues to grow, it is increasingly important to understand the nature of intergenerational progress for immigrant groups. ( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) Recent research has called into question the intergenerational progress of immigrants, particularly educational progress between the second generation and the third generation. When the educational attainment of second and third generations is compared directly with that of their parents or their parents’ generation, the authors find strong intergenerational progress for all major immigrant groups. ( Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park) However, even by the third generation, Mexican Americans in California have not attained the educational levels that whites have attained. In other words, there is some progress but even by the third generation only 11 percent of Mexican American adults have earned a bachelor’s degree. In contrast, among third-and-later generation whites, more than a third has a bachelor’s degree. Also, about 30 percent of California’s children are growing up in families where neither parent has completed high school. One consequence of this low educational attainment is that as many as 95 percent of these children might not earn a bachelor’s degree; the low educational attainment of parents makes it less likely that their children will attain high levels of education. Among these children at risk of low educational achievement, Mexican Americans make up a large percentage. More than half of all California youth ages 13 to 24 have a foreign born parent. Because a large number of these immigrant parents have a limited education, lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Education is an important determinant of social and economic well-being, such as income, health, home ownership, and civic participation. The concern for educational progress is particularly acute for Mexican Americans who, even by the third generation, have very low levels of educational attainment. It finds that intergenerational progress has not stalled but rather that second- and third-generation immigrants have made substantial educational progress when compared with their parents. Most of California’s Latino youth are of Mexican ancestry (84%) and over 60 percent of them were born in the United States. Overall, one in four youth is a first-generation immigrant (i. e. , born in a foreign country). About the same share are second-generation immigrants (i. e. , born in the United States with at least one foreign-born parent). Racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment are strongly influenced by immigration. Of the major racial and ethnic groups in California, young adults of Mexican descent have the lowest levels of education. Of those ages 25 to 29, only 51 percent have earned a high school diploma, compared to 93 percent of non-Hispanic whites. However, the rate for Mexican American youth born in the United States is substantially higher—76 percent. Mexican youth who come to the United States as teens often do not attend high school here. The older their age at arrival, the less likely Mexican youth are to attend school in California. Among those ages 16 to 18 and who recently arrived in the United States, less than half are enrolled in school. Among men, many are working; among women, substantial numbers are working, married, or raising children. In particular, although some research has suggested that educational progress stalls between the second and third generations for Mexican Americans, it has been found that college graduation rates of third-generation immigrants are more than twice those of their parents. Further, although over half of their parents did not graduate from high school, about eight in 10 third-generation Mexican Americans have graduated from high school. Even by the third generation, however, Mexican Americans in California have lower educational attainment than whites have. Despite strong intergenerational progress, less than 85 percent of third and-later-generation Mexican American adults, ages 25 to 34, have finished high school and only 11 percent have completed a bachelor’s degree. (â€Å"Third-and-later† generation includes youth with both parents born in the United States but the data do not identify whether their grandparents or great-grandparents were born in the United States. ) In comparison, among third-and-later-generation whites, 95 percent earned a high school diploma and over a third has a bachelor’s degree. Mexican immigrant youth who arrive at age 15 or older are among the least educated Californians. Improving their educational attainment is particularly challenging because many do not enroll in California schools but are working and raising families. Analysis suggests that about 30 percent of California’s children are growing up in families where neither parent has completed high school and that as many as 95 percent of these children might not achieve a bachelor’s degree. Among these children at risk of low educational achievement, Mexican Americans make up a large share (68%). The success of students in California’s community colleges is of particular importance for improving Latino postsecondary education because almost 80 percent of Latinos who enroll in public higher education enter through community colleges. Of great concern, however, is the low transfer rate to four-year institutions, and transfers are especially low among Latino students. In addition to preparing students for transfers, community colleges provide English language, remedial, and vocational courses. As the value of education and skills in the California economy continues to grow, these courses will become increasingly important to workforce training, especially for those who do not go on to complete a bachelor’s degree. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. Because California has such large numbers of immigrants with limited education, a lack of improvement in educational attainment from one generation to the next would have serious implications for the state economically as well as socially. Educational progress is particularly important because education plays a role in determining racial and ethnic differences in other areas of social and economic well-being, such as poverty, health status, employment, home ownership, and civic participation (Reyes, 2001; Reed, 2003a). This information is important to understand why immigrant families rely so much on each other and not on education and opportunity. Hispanic-Americans are united by customs, language, religion, and values. There is, however, an extensive diversity of traits among Hispanic-Americans. One characteristic that is of paramount importance in most Hispanic cultures is family commitment, which involves loyalty, a strong support system, a belief that a child’s behavior reflects on the honor of the family, a hierarchical order among siblings, and a duty to care for family members. This strong sense of other-directedness conflicts with the United States’ mainstream emphasis on individualism (Vasquez, 1990). Stereotyped sex roles tend to exist among many Latinos: the male is perceived as dominant and strong, whereas the female is perceived as nurturing and self-sacrificing. Note, however, that in Latino cultures, the term â€Å"machismo† (used by Anglos to refer to male chauvinism) refers to a concept of chivalry that encompasses gallantry, courtesy, charity, and courage (Baron, 1991). Indeed, Hispanic culture’s emphasis on cooperation in the attainment of goals can result in Hispanic students’ discomfort with this nation’s conventional classroom competition. This cultural difference could play a negative role when the value of education in the California labor market has increased substantially in recent decades and projections suggest that workers without a college education will continue to see their earnings erode. Among youth in immigrant families, there is tremendous variation in family income and parental education. Among young immigrants ages 13 to 17, about one-third of those from Mexico are living in poor families and only 17 percent have a mother who finished high school (maternal education is measured only for those living with their mothers). These differences in family characteristics contribute to racial and ethnic differences in educational attainment for immigrant youth, which, in turn, contribute to education differences for their second-generation children. Differences in family characteristics explain most of the lower educational attainment of Mexican Americans. Among Mexican American youth, parental education, parental English language ability, and family income are substantially lower than among white youth. LEARNING STYLES An expanding body of research affirms that teaching and counseling students with interventions that are congruent with the students’ learning-style preferences result in their increased academic achievement and more positive attitudes toward learning. Research on the learning styles of Hispanic-Americans in particular, however, is limited. Within the Latino groups, the majority of studies have focused on the learning styles of Mexican-American elementary school children. Several investigations (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993) have compared various ethnic groups of students in elementary school through college levels using a measure that identifies 21 elements of learning style grouped into five categories. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING STYLE elements include sound, temperature, design, and light. A cool temperature and formal design were identified as important elements for Mexican-American elementary and middle school students (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 2. EMOTIONAL LEARNING STYLE elements include responsibility, structure, persistence, and motivation. Sims (1988) reported that Mexican-American third- and fourth-graders were the least conforming of three ethnic groups studied. Yong and Ewing (1992), however, found that Mexican-American middle-school adolescents were conforming. The disparities between these data may result from subjects’ age, lifestyle, and urban/rural differences in the two studies. Both of these studies reported that Mexican-Americans required a higher degree of structure than did other groups. 3. SOCIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements are concerned with the social patterns in which one learns. Learning alone (as opposed to in groups) was preferred more by Caucasian students than by Mexican-American children (Dunn & Dunn, 1992, 1993) and more by Mexican-Americans students than by African-American children (Sims, 1988). Mexican-American students required significantly more sociological variety than either African-Americans or Caucasians (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). Mexican-American males were authority-oriented and Mexican-American females were strongly peer-oriented (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 4. PHYSIOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to time of day, food and drink intake, perception, and mobility. Puerto-Rican college students exhibit a strong preference for learning in the late morning, afternoon, and evening. The time-of-day preferences of Mexican-Americans are less clear. Sims (1988) found that Caucasians preferred drinking or eating snacks while learning significantly more than did Mexican-Americans. Yong and Ewing (1992) reported that Latinos’ strongest perceptual strength was kinesthetic. Both Caucasians and African-American were significantly more auditory and visual than Mexican-Americans (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993; Sims, 1988). The study by Sims (1988) indicated that Caucasian students exhibited a higher need for mobility than did Mexican-American students. Contrary to findings for the U. S. general population, Mexican-American females had a significantly higher need for mobility than their male counterparts (Dunn, Griggs, & Price, 1993). 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING STYLE elements relate to global versus analytical processing. The construct of field dependence/independence is a component of this learning style. Field dependent individuals are more group-oriented and cooperative and less competitive than field independent individuals. Research generally has indicated that Mexican-American and other minority students are more field dependent than nonminority students. Hudgens (1993) found that Hispanic middle and secondary school students were more field dependent than Anglo students; Hispanic female (and African-American male) students had a greater internal locus of control than other groups; and Hispanic male (and African-American female) students had a greater external locus of control than other groups. INSIGHTS AND TOOLS There are a number of state and local programs designed to improve the lives of youth as well as to steer them in the direction of positive future outcomes. Youth ages 13 to 24 are of critical concern because during these ages youth are preparing for the transition to adulthood with its increased economic challenges and responsibilities and often with new marriage and parenting relationships. During these ages, many potentially life-changing decisions are often made, including the decisions to finish high school, to go to college, and perhaps to start a family. For these youth, adult education programs in school districts and community colleges can provide better schedules for part time, evening, and weekend coursework. In addition, as these youth become parents, programs that work with young children can assist parents with parental support and literacy improvement. For second and third generations, and for immigrants who do enter California schools, the quality of the K–12 public education system is clearly a key factor in success. Several recent and continuing reforms are improving California schools, particularly in the areas of student achievement, teacher quality, and quality of facilities. In addition, English language learning is of concern for the children of immigrants. For students whose own parents have limited educational experience, programs of educational counseling and tutoring are particularly helpful. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Baron, A. , Jr. , Counseling Chicano College Students. In C. Lee, and B. Richardson (Eds. ), MULTICULTURAL ISSUES IN COUNSELING: New Approaches to Diversity (p. 171-184). Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development. ED 329 861, 1991. 2. Dunn, R. , and K. Dunn. , TEACHING SECONDARY STUDENTS, 1993. 3. Dunn, R. , S. Griggs, and G. Price. , Learning Styles of Mexican-American and Anglo-American Elementary-School Students. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 21(4): 237-247. EJ 470 183. 1993. 4. Hudgens, B. , THE RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE STYLE, 1993. 5. Myers, Dowell, John Pitkin, and Julie Park, California Demographic Futures: Projections to 2030, by Immigrant Generations, Nativity, and Time of Arrival in U. S. , School of Policy, Planning, and Development, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 2005. 6. Neumark, David, California’s Economic Future and Infrastructure Challenges, Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2005. 7. Reed, Deborah, â€Å"The Growing Importance of Education in California,† Occasional Paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003a. 8. Reed, Deborah, Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps in the California Labor Market, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2003b. 9. Reyes, Belinda I. , ed. , A Portrait of Race and Ethnicity in California: An Assessment of Social and Economic Well-Being, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco, California, 2001. 10. Sims, J., Learning Styles of Black-American, Mexican-American, and White-American Third- and Fourth-Grade Students in Traditional Public Schools. Doctoral dissertation, University of Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 1988. 11. Vasquez, J. , Teaching to the Distinctive Traits of Minority Students. THE CLEARING HOUSE 63(7): 299-304,1990. 12. Yong, F. , and N. Ewing, A Comparative Study of the Learning-Style Preferences among Gifted African-American, Mexican-American and American Born Chinese Middle-Grade Students. ROEPER REVIEW 14(3): 120-123. EJ 447 200, 1992.